马来西亚中学公民素养与公民参与：以华文独中为例
The Student Civic Competency and Civil Participation in the Malaysian Independent Chinese Secondary School

江伟俊 KONG Wee Cheng
马来西亚华校董事联合会总会（董总）多元族群与文化发展专案项目主任。
E-mail: [email protected]

马来西亚华人研究学刊，第21期，2018年，页109-130
Journal of Malaysian Chinese Studies, Volume 21, 2018: 109-130

摘要

马来西亚作为多元族群国家，其国人理应具备相应的公民素养，并且掌握公民的权利与义务。其中，学校作为培育学生发展的重要场域，除了知识传递、能力形塑与人格培养，亦须建立学生的公民意识，以便造就成功的社会人。

由马来西亚华社民办的华文独立中学（华文独中），长期以品德与道德教育作为华文独中教育之核心，藉以训育与辅导相互配合形塑学生的品行，已然成为华文独中教育特点之一。有鉴于此，特此进行相关量化调查研究，以检视马来西亚华文独中公民教育实施概况、独中学生公民素养与公民参与的程度。

在研究六大影响学生公民素养的因素中，首为国家认同（全部显著），次为性别与学生参与（五项显著），三为学校氛围与学业成绩（三项与两项显著），最后为父母学历（一项显著）。这表示学生的国家认同与其公民素养关系十分密切；性别仍左右学生的公民素养；学校管理模式与学生经历亦将影响学生公民素养；相反的，父母学历对于学生公民素养影响有限。

此外，学校氛围与学生参与对学生的公民知识、公民态度、公民与政治参与影响显著。学校作为形塑学生公民素养的重要场域，在课堂与校务应开放讨论与参与的空间，以让学生体验与实践多元民主学生参与，并且鼓励与提供更多学生参与的平台，方可成就俱有公民知识、公民态度与公民参与，并与社会连接的学生。

关键词：公民素养、公民参与、学生参与、国家认同、学校氛围

Abstract

Malaysia as a multiethnic society, its people shall equip with the citizen competency. Besides nurturing student knowledge, ability and personal character, school education is a crucial element in shaping student sense of citizenship, to help the student become a responsible social person.

The Malaysian Independent Chinese Secondary School (MICSS) is the non-profit educational institution that established by Malaysian Chinese community. From the beginning, MICSS focuses on student ethics and moral teaching as one of its key concerns, by using disciplinary and counselling education. The Study used quantitative method to understand the progress of the implementation of civic education, MICSS student civic competency and the student participation.

From the result, it shows that in six major factors which have influenced the student civic competency most; the first category is the national identity (all statistically significant); the second category is gender and student participation (five statistically significant); the third category is school environment and academic performance (three and two statistically significant); the forth category is parent education level (one statistically significant). In the other word, the Study has proven the close relationship between civic competency and national identity, the gender clearly affects the student civic competency, and the impact of school management and student experience on civic competency. In the other hand, the effect of parent education level is very limited on civic competency.

In the meantime, school atmosphere and student participation have a remarkable impact on the student civic knowledge, civic attitude, civic and political participation. Therefore, the school would serve as an important place to shape student civic competency, it shall open up the space for discussion and build up more platforms to encourage student participation. With that, we can nurture a student with a high level of civic competency and strong bond with the society.

Keywords: civic competency, civic participation, student participation, national identity, school atmosphere

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