仗境方生：华社、侨领、清廷和暹王对槟城极乐寺发展的影响
Dependent Arising: The Influence of Chinese Society, Leaders of Bang, Qing Government and King of Siam on the Development of Kek Lok Monastery

魏明宽GOOI Ming Kuan
马来亚大学中文系博士生，马来亚大学人间佛教研究中心研究助理。
E-mail: [email protected]

何启才HO Kee Chye
马来亚大学中文系高级讲师。
E-mail: [email protected]

摘要

18世纪，槟城作为西方殖民地，不仅是华南移民的聚集地，也是马来亚与中国、暹罗等在政治、经济等方面往来的枢纽。槟城极乐寺则是中国僧人南来槟城后建立的汉传佛教寺院。19世纪末至20世纪30年代，华侨社会、各帮侨领、晚清政府及暹罗国王曾分别与槟城极乐寺互动，对汉传佛教越洋传播做出了重要的贡献。不过，学界更多是关注到侨领或清廷与极乐寺的互动，而华社、暹王的部分则尚有研究空白。因此，本文在前人研究的基础上，运用文字文本、金石碑铭、历史照片、报刊新闻及新发现史料等，除了补述极乐寺史， 重点考察在19世纪末到20世纪30年代的殖民时代马来亚的时空情境下，华社、 侨领、清廷及暹王为何及如何影响极乐寺的发展，并略谈此案例对海外汉传佛教的研究视角的借鉴意义。研究发现，四者的目的各不相同，但通过信仰消费、经济资助、钦命敕赐、宗教护持的途径，影响了极乐寺的发展。这种案例反思群体与势力对汉传佛教传入新时空环境的制约与推动作用。

关键词：华社、侨领、清廷、暹王、极乐寺

Abstract

In the 18th century, Penang was not only a British colony for immigrants from southern China but also an interchange for political and economic exchanges between Malaya, China and Siam. The Kek Lok Monastery in Penang is a Chinese Buddhist monastery established by Chinese monks who came to Penang. From the late 19th century to the 1930s, the Chinese society, the leaders of various bang (dialect group or sub-ethnic group), the late Qing government and the King of Siam interacted with the Kek Lok Monastery, making an important contribution to the transnational spread of Chinese Buddhism. Based on the previous studies, this article provides new insights by combining written accounts, stone inscriptions, historical photographs, news coverage as well as newly discovered historical materials. In addition to complementing the history of the Kek Lok Monastery, this article seeks to understand why and how various actors, namely, the Chinese society, leaders of bang, Qing government and King of Siam, influenced the development of the monastery in the late 19th century to 20th century' 30s context of colonial Malaya, and discusses on how this case study serves as a reference for the research perspectives on overseas Chinese Buddhism studies. The study's finding is that each actor carried his purposes and had influenced the development of the Kek Lok Monastery in varying aspects, including faith consumption, financial support, imperial rewards and religious patronage. This case reflects the role of communities and powers in constraining and facilitating the spread of Chinese Buddhism in the new environment.

Keywords: Chinese society, leaders of bang, Qing government, King of Siam, Kek Lok Monastery

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