彭亨河口12-17世纪贸易陶瓷：年代、产地与历史意义
12th-17th Century Trade Ceramics in Kuala Pahang: The Chronology, Provenance and Its Historical Significance

涂勤慧 THU Cheng Hui
国立台南艺术大学艺术史评与古物研究博士班博士候选人。

摘要

马来半岛南段东岸之彭亨河口曾被新闻报导出土大量的贸易陶瓷，揭露了一个较鲜为人知的历史事实——古代“彭亨”自12世纪以来便已参与海上贸易。本研究透过上述彭亨河口发现的陶瓷遗留进行年代分期及产地分析，进而与沉船、遗址及窑址资料的比对，再结合史料的记录，疏理出彭亨与中国及其他周边地区的关系。根据彭亨河口发现的陶瓷年代研究结果显示，年代范围可从12世纪至17世纪，延续的时间长且不间断的发展，除了作为当地陶瓷类型研究及陶瓷编年史的基础架构外，更重要的是从贸易陶瓷数量的消长趋势，不仅具体反映了中国政治与贸易体系变迁之影响的同时，并与彭亨地区的政权更迭密切相关。本研究初步显示，彭亨在马六甲（15世纪的满剌加王国）崛起为主要海上贸易中心之前，已是马来半岛南部地区的重要贸易枢纽。在马来半岛的港市贸易与海洋史研究中，彭亨的角色与重要性可与马六甲相提并论，不仅有助于更全面理解该地区的经济与贸易网络，亦填补了马来半岛东岸贸易史研究的空白。

关键词：彭亨、马来半岛、贸易陶瓷

Abstract

The Pahang River estuary (Kuala Pahang) on the eastern coast of the southern Malay Peninsula has been reported in the news due to the discovery of a large quantity of trade ceramics, revealing the little-known historical fact that ancient "Pahang" had engaged in maritime trade since the 12th century. This study conducts chronological classification and provenance analysis of the trade ceramics discovered at the Kuala Pahang. By comparing them with shipwrecks, archaeological sites, and kiln sites, and by integrating historical records, this study reconstructs the connections between Pahang, China, and other surrounding regions. The chronological research on the ceramics from the Kuala Pahang indicates that they date from the 12th to the 18th century, demonstrating a long and continuous development. In addition to serving as a foundational framework for studying trade ceramic typology and chronology. Fluctuations in the quantity of trade ceramics reflect changes in China’s political and trade systems. They are also closely related to shifts in political power in the Pahang region. Preliminary research suggests that Kuala Pahang served as a significant trading hub in the southern Malay Peninsula before the rise of Malacca (the 15th century Melaka Sultanate) as the dominant maritime trade center. In the context of port trade and maritime history in the Malay Peninsula, Pahang's role and significance are comparable to those of Malacca, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the region’s economic and trade networks and filling a gap in the historical understanding of trade on the eastern coast of the Malay Peninsula.

Keywords: Pahang, Malay Peninsula, Trade ceramics

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