文化冷战下的顺从与抵抗：马来（西）亚留台新闻专门知识训练者的社会行动（1956-1969）
Compliance and Resistance Under the Cultural Cold War: Social Action of Taiwan-Graduated Malaysian Journalism Knowledge Trainers (1956-1969)

黄国富 WONG Kock Hoo
马来西亚华社研究中心特约研究员。
E-mail: [email protected]

摘 要

冷战初期美国透过官方与非官方单位在亚洲支援新建及复办高等教育，将“自由世界”建构的知识体系移植亚洲。1950年代中期开始越来越多马来（西）亚中下阶层的华人子弟赴台留学，也承接此知识系谱，其中新闻传播科系学生在学习新闻“专门知识”的同时，也受中国国民党反共教育的洗礼，期待他们返乡后，成为反共的宣传先锋，争取国民党政府的 “中国”正统地位。

美国在东南亚的宣传布局，不仅是透过台湾的大学培养新闻传播人才，持续培育知识精英，吸引他们到美国深造与参访，实际体验自由世界的民主与自由，冀望他们未来在各地发挥更大的影响力。但美国的宣传策略在不同政党掌权时出现变动等因素下，未必具延续性，也让原先的政策效果大打折扣。

此时赴台接受新闻“专门知识”训练的青年，未必有清晰的政治意识形态，但已建立相对清晰的世界观与价值观，学成返马寻找生存的机会时，更具现实感与务实态度，大致傾向选择立场较为右派与保守的政党及媒体，且多数人主要是采“非共”／“非左翼”态度而非“反共”。出身底层的他们，原本期待透过取得更高的学历与知识能力，能累积更多的经济资本、社会资本及文化资本，但现实上却相当困难，各种条件未必有利于他们向上流动。然而，面对不同时期各种权力的施压，他们并非逆来顺受的“顺民”，也不是只有顺从或抵抗两种反应的可能出现，而是更复杂的适应、拥抱、拒斥、修正等回应方式，试图在生存、生活与生命之间寻找平衡，也在顺从与反抗之间协商，回应社会现实的难题与挑战。

关键词：反共、冷战、非共、族群民族主义、新闻系

Abstract

In the early Cold War period, the United States, through both official and non-official institutions, supported the establishment and restoration of higher education in Asia, transplanting the “Free World” knowledge system into the region. From the mid-1950s onward, an increasing number of Chinese youths from lower- and middle-class backgrounds in Malaya/Malaysia went to Taiwan for higher education, thereby inheriting this intellectual lineage. Among them, students in journalism and communication programs not only acquired “specialized knowledge in journalism”, but were also exposed to anti-communist ideological education under the Kuomintang. It was expected that, upon returning home, they would become pioneers of anti-communist propaganda, and to advocate for the Kuomintang government’s claim to represent the orthodoxy of “China.”

The United States’ propaganda strategy in Southeast Asia extended beyond cultivating journalism and communication talents through universities in Taiwan and continuously nurturing intellectual elites. It also involved attracting these individuals to pursue further studies and participate in exchange visits to the United States, allowing them to personally experience the democracy and freedom of the “Free World” with the expectation that they would later exert greater influence within their respective regions. However, due to changes in governing political administrations and other intervening factors, U.S. propaganda strategies lacked continuity over time, thereby significantly weakening the intended effectiveness of these policies.

At this historical juncture, the young individuals who travelled to Taiwan for training in “specialized knowledge in journalism” did not necessarily possess a clearly defined political ideology; however, they had already developed relatively coherent worldviews and value systems. Upon returning to Malaya/Malaysia in search of livelihood opportunities, they tended to adopt a more pragmatic and realistic attitude, generally aligning themselves with right-leaning and conservative political parties and media institutions. Most of them embraced a “non-communist” or “non-leftist” position rather than an explicitly “anti-communist” one.

Coming largely from lower social strata, they had initially hoped that higher education and knowledge acquisition would enable the accumulation of greater economic, social, and cultural capital. In practice, however, upward mobility remained highly constrained, as structural conditions were not necessarily favourable to their advancement. Nevertheless, when confronted with varying forms of power across different historical periods, they were neither passive subjects who simply acquiesced to their circumstances, nor actors whose responses could be reduced to a binary of compliance or resistance. Instead, their responses were marked by greater complexity, including adaptation, accommodation, rejection, and revision. In doing so, they sought to negotiate a balance between survival, livelihood, and lived experience, while continuously navigating between compliance and resistance in response to the challenges and dilemmas of social reality.

Keywords: Anti-Communism, Cold War, Department of Journalism, Ethnonationalism , Non-Communism

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